Should physical education be a mandatory class free essay sample

Canada is, where physical training was once obligatory. Nonetheless, presently it appears that society debilitates physical training by playing hooky in schools, and decreasing physical exercises in study halls. A few schools settle on physical instruction a decision which most ought to differ with. It is significant for understudies to remain genuinely fit consistently. This is a sound thought that will assist understudies with battling corpulence, elevated cholesterol and pulse. In this way, physical training ought to be compulsory in all schools since understudies should be dynamic and comprehend the idea of solid living. Having customary exercise is a bit of leeway as it encourages understudies to be genuinely fit and sound, high scholarly accomplishment, and decreases medicinal services. â€Å"Living healthy† is an incredible proclamation that has various implications, for example, living longer, having low circulatory strain and decreasing the danger of getting diabetes. Having a solid way of life with an activity routine is an exceptionally sound demonstration of living, as it diminishes pressure and assists individuals with concentrating on the best way to appropriately deal with the body. We will compose a custom paper test on Should physical instruction be an obligatory class? or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Physical training assists understudies with improving their insight about medical problems prompting a progressively pleasant life. However, a few understudies do confront difficulties when performing physical exercises, however it’s never past the point where it is possible to learn. Physical instruction is certifiably not a perilous movement, it gets hazardous when understudies act flighty and take it to the outrageous. Physical training is a significant class that each school ought to have space for. A few understudies loathe physical instruction since they feel that its an exercise in futility as it removes time from different classes, anyway most understudy don't have a clue about the significance of physical training. Then again, every single understudy has the privilege to pick, settling on physical instruction a decision. In the event that they couldn't care less, compelling them to take part in physical training would not help. This might be valid, yet without physica l training, this can prompt a weight emergency with understudies. Physical instruction additionally helps understudies scholastically. It assists understudies with centering and focus in class. Studies show that Physical training decidedly influences overweight and weight, HDL cholesterol, Blood pressure, Insulin opposition, Skeletal wellbeing, Musculoskeletal wounds, Psychologicalâ well-acting naturally, regard, and Anxiety/gloom. The more physical exercises individuals take an interest in, it builds their medical advantages decidedly. As indicated by McMaster University, â€Å"Most intercession considers utilized regulated projects of moderate to energetic physical movement of 30 to 45 minutes term 3 to 5 days of the week. The board accepted that a more noteworthy measure of physical action would be important to accomplish comparable helpful consequences for wellbeing and social results in normal every day circumstances.† People esteem various things. A few people may exceptionally esteem the medical advantages of physical movement. Others need to be dynamic since they appreciate recreational exercises or they need to look better or rest better. A few people need to be dynamic since it causes them get in shape or it allows them to invest energy with companions.

No Child Left Behind Act :: essays research papers

Proposition           The No Child Left Behind Act, a government social program that attempts to empowers after school projects ought to be killed and the additional finances given to schools to choose where it goes.  â â â â â â â â â The NCLB Act, â€Å"was intended to improve training and accomplishment in America’s schools in four obviously characterized ways: responsibility for results, an accentuation on doing what works dependent on logical research, extended parental choices and extended neighborhood control flexibility.† Basically the Federal government subsidizes schools for after-school projects to attempt to energize school cooperation among understudies and decrease dropping out of school. Instances of after-school programs supported by the NCLB demonstration are most importantly mentoring, at that point extra-curricular exercises, for example, sports, network administration and so forth. Issues/need           The NCLB Act isn't powerful a direct result of the present circumstance of state governments calling certain schools â€Å"failures† in light of their low test scores, subsequently lessening financing to the school. In the event that the government is financing the NCLB Act for after school programs, no doubt it was subsidizing a non-successful program. I have separated the outcomes as follows.  â â â â â â â â â -Low grades, school gets diminished financing and  â â â â â â â â â put â€Å"under state review.†  â â â â â â â â â -Teachers terminated, less thought process in understudies to remain  â â â â â â â â â in school. School’s educational plan is insufficient.  â â â â â â â â â -Meaning more cash would need to be spent on the           NCLB Act for it to repay the loss of the  â â â â â â â â â school’s own after-school programs.  â â â â â â â â â -So bombing a school, in view of government  â â â â â â â â â standards, just to spend more on it? Burrowing  â â â â â â â â â their own snare opening. Arrangement Proposals In view of my comprehension of the instruction that I have gotten and the progressions that I have seen, there are numerous options in contrast to the NCLB Act, some of which I will clarify underneath. - Focus on reinforcing the educational program. Subjects should help understudy later on. Presentation of GE courses in secondary school, rather than presenting GE courses in school.

Doing What You Love

Doing What You Love During a pset party last night, one of my hallmates called her own major, biology, useless. Shocked, I asked her to elaborate. She felt that the impact an individual biologist could make was negligible because biological systems are so fine-tuned that biologists can only push research forward a little bit at a time in one tiny, specific system. But she loves biology. I agree; using that metric, biology is useless. (Obviously, thats a terrible metric for uselessness.) But the same is true, to varying degrees, in every career field, with the obvious exception of the five or ten hotshots per generation whose names make it into the history books. (We probably arent them.) A software developer can make a code push that impacts millions of strangers. A biologist can publish a paper that affects twenty colleagues work. (Im completely making these numbers up.) Whatever. This measure of usefulness, while it may give you a warm fuzzy feeling whenever you push or publish something, is terribly valueless to you if you arent also enjoying your work. Look. If youre smart (you probably are if you want to apply to MIT), youre good at things, and that gives you a really beautiful opportunity: you can have a job that you love. And getting paid any reasonable amount to do what you love is basically like not working at all. Guys. This is awesome. But wait. Is it selfish? Maybe Im not allowed to tell stories about Qiaochu any more since hes a blogger now, but hes worried a couple of times that focusing on math is selfish when the stuff that he studies is so pure that it only has theoretical applications, or at least will take decades to trickle down into applied math. However, Qiaochu is not only ridiculously good at math, but if I somehow managed to cut him off from Math Overflow, he would probably singlemindedly fight me to the death until he got it back, which brings me back to the question in the last paragraph. In a mentally demanding job, loving your job is really, really  conducive to doing it very well. Its pretty tough to convince your brain to do difficult things that it doesnt want to do. This means that doing something without a massive impact (but hopefully a not completely nonexistent amount of usefulness, otherwise you wouldnt have been able to monetize it anyways) that you love will probably produce a better output, compared to the average person working in that field, than doing something with a large impact that you dont love. You know what I mean? What I did there was not very scientific just some very messy rationalization. But you can absolutely take my word for my first point, even though it seems so obvious that I shouldnt need to say it: having a career that you love is awesome. If you love it so much that you would do it for free, then youve hit the jackpot. Speaking of the latter, I went rampaging on another mural marathon yesterday. If software development ever somehow fell through, I would have no objection to becoming a starving artist instead. (I mean, Id object to the starving part, but Id probably be able to figure out a way around that.) freehand cover of Deep Sea Tentacle by Missmonster After that, I coded for the rest of the night (morning?). I was, in fact, sitting around not getting paid and doing two of my favorite things, and I felt like the luckiest person in the world, because one of those things is my career. And I kind of doubt Id be where I currently am (nonliterally) if I hadnt met the people Ive met at MIT. What if Id gone to another college with an equally good computer science program? Ive made a lot of connections and found tons of opportunities through living in the Cambridge/Boston area, too its hard not to when such a small, dense place is home to hundreds of tech startups and fifty other colleges or whatever the statistic is nowadays. Advertising MIT to you on its own admissions site? I wouldnt dare. And I think Ive been abusing this word. But honestly, being here and knowing people who love their work is pure  awesome.

The Doctrine Of Scientific Knowledge Essay - 1112 Words

Introduction In the past, our world was dominated by religion. We needed to act, think and believe the way religion prescribed it to us in every domain of our life. Governments of almost every country were constituted of religious leaders that exercised their authority through god-given right. But in the last 500 years, science began to challenge these religious principles by bringing a new way to look at the world. Sciences evolutes over time with the contribution of some genies like Charles Darwin, Albert Einstein or Isaac Newton. I think that scientific knowledge is superior to any other type of knowledge such as religion, myth and occult. In this essay, I will talk about the almost infallible scientific research method that makes this type of knowledge hard to contradict. I will also talk about some relevant examples on situations where opinions diverge between scientific and other type of knowledge. At last, I will explore the possibility that scientific knowledge could not be superior to a ny type of knowledge because of its lack of humanity. In fact some people argue that science explain the world forgetting some basic human characteristics such as emotion and imagination. Development To begin, I want to talk about what gives scientific knowledge all its credibility, its research method. World most renowned scientific organisation established a procedure to examine the work of scientist and determine if their research reaches the different restrictions Show MoreRelatedEssay on Thomas Aquinas’ Theory of Christianity Theology is Science587 Words   |  3 Pagesof the writings of Aristotle on scientific knowledge. Aquinas also makes the claim that theology, or the study God, is a science accepted through Revelation. Faith provides ammunition for Aquinas to state that believers of Christianity have the affirmation of God already inside of them. This claim considered that divine writings were inspired by God. Aquinas stated, The principles of any science are either in themselves self-evident, are reducible to the knowledge of a higher science are the principlesRead MoreThe Enlightenment Paradigm Shift Within The Era1628 Words   |  7 Pagesintellectual mo vement that saw the development of new ideas, major changes in Church-State relations and scientific discoveries that are still fundamental today. Until the Renaissance and Reformation period the Church, from the ancient to medieval ages, had total domination. The Renaissance era set the ball rolling for the Enlightenment with the beginning of scientific inquiry and search for knowledge. This modern age of reason, diversity and doubt, was one of the biggest paradigm shifts for both theRead MoreScience Fiction Influenced Teachings of Enlightenment thinkers, Thomas Paine, Benjamin Franklin, and Nicolas de Condorcet805 Words   |  4 Pages Enlightenment thinkers, Thomas Paine, Benjamin Franklin, and Nicolas de Condorcet were influenced by teachings of the Scientific Revolution. Reason and logic were used to dissect what was good and valuable apart from what was tyrannical and unable to be proven from the old teachings of philosophers and religion. It was this process of re ason and logic that gave these thinkers the confidence in man’s intelligence and potential to improve that showed up in their writings. According to ourRead MorePhilosophy of Science in Social Research1455 Words   |  6 Pagesthe products of social actors. The main aspects of realism are: * constructive realism; * entity realism; * aesthetic realism; * scientific realism; * moderate realism; * modal realism; * mystical realism; * organic realism Empiricism: Empiricism is the doctrine that sense experience is the only basis of knowledge, and that therefore all hypotheses and theories should be tested by a process of observation and experience. Empiricism entails ontology of an orderedRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pages 3. Explain how the Allegory of the Cave represents Plato’s views about the nature of knowledge and the nature of reality. In the Allegory of the Cave there are chained prisoners in cave who can only stare at the cave wall in front of them. At the back there is a long entrance with a staircase the width of the cave and a fire burning in the distance. They see only shadows projected in front of them from a raised platform and hear an echo that they attribute to what they observe. They talk aboutRead MoreIn The Future Of An Illusion, Sigmund Freud Gives A Genealogical1541 Words   |  7 Pagesfather, offering protection and comfort, allowing culture to maintain the status quo. However, despite the significant role of the religious illusion for both society and the individual, Freud is optimistic that it can be overcome and replaced by scientific and secular ideals. In this essay, I will give an account of Freud’s pessimism regarding the problem of religion, which is expressed through his genealogical account of religion and the concerns raised by his interlocutor. Then I will discuss Freud’ sRead MoreThe Invention Of The Printing Press1214 Words   |  5 Pagesspread of scientific ideas encouraged by the invention of the printing press. They banned scientific works, like Galileo’s Sidereus Nuncius, as academics published their research. Roman Catholic Church authority advocated for biblical ideas, which opposed scientific studies like the heliocentric theory and the study of kinetics. Ecclesiastical doctrine contested the heliocentric theory, Galileo’s research, and Newton’s laws of motion, demonstrating the incompatibility between scientific studies andRead MoreFriedrich Schleiermacher s Understanding Of Religion And His Work On Religion Essay1522 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween religion and Christianity. REJECTION OF VARIOUS VIEWS OF RELIGION HELD BY DESPISERS Schleiermacher begins his account of religion by disarming several views held by the despisers. The first view he encounters is one claiming that two key doctrines form the heart of all religion: â€Å"providence,† and â€Å"immortality† (Schleiermacher 13). He suggests that this view does not have enough evidence, questioning the mode by which the despisers have arrived at this view of religion. He notes that religionRead MoreThe Integration Perspective And The Christian Psychology Perspective913 Words   |  4 Pagesscripture, Christianity, and psychological principles are not compatible. Instead they believe that modern psychology is secular, scientific, and sacrilegious. However, many Christian psychologists and counselors, organizations and associations such as the Society for Christian Psychology, are striving to unite, integrate and incorporate Christian values, principles and knowledge into modern psychological counseling, research, and practice. Two of the mai n perspectives that tries to merge the two principlesRead MoreUnderstanding Of Religion And Its Association Of Christianity Essay1518 Words   |  7 Pagesreligions as products of the calculating human mind, and as demeaning treatments of the highest subject (15). However, he makes the distinction that these doctrines and systems are not in fact religion itself, thereby defusing the despisers’ definition (15). Next Schleiermacher opposes the despisers’ view that religion is fundamentally a blend of knowledge and activity (27). First, Schleiermacher ponders: if it is activity, how does it relate to moral activity? He rejects the notion that religion is good

Social Responsibility Defines Architectural Social...

Architects/Designers/Planners for Social responsibility defines architectural social sustainability as â€Å"Architecture [that] enhances social sustainability by providing built opportunities for balance and connectivity. Socially sustainable architecture fosters balance between the individual and the collective and between the present and the future; and connections between individuals within the building and between occupants and the surrounding community†. Health risks are also a prime part of the social aspect. These can range from potential risks during the construction cycle of LCA, or the use cycle. Construction risks are very common and can be as simple as a slip, a something more drastic such as a broken back. These risks are not†¦show more content†¦Local materials are usually more expensive, meaning the economic impact of using local materials rather than imported ones means that the cost doubles, and therefore the selling price increases considerably too. Considering the housing situation in New Zealand, people cannot afford to spend two or three times as much as they planned in order to build using local materials. Importing materials vs using local materials is one of many compromises that a designer must consider when planning a build. If one of these aspects is compromised, the balance of the pillars becomes unstable.Innovations are very important, as everything you can see today as gone through an innovation. Inn ovations are a new invention or way of doing something and also meet new requirements. Innovation is a key part in the life of any product. Architecture is a constantly changing trend that is becoming increasingly more environmentally, socially, and economically friendly. With the increasing human population, and the gap between rich and poor increasing with it, (3 News. Gap Between rich and poor at record level) there are more and more people in need of homes or wanting upgrades to their current living situations. As more and more people need ‘upgrades’ and new dwellings, strain is put on the economy to transport and fund these new projects with the same funds. The environment is strained as well, as more and more resources are expended in order to build new homes, and so

Communism And The Soviet Union - 979 Words

The United State’s was not subtle in their distain for communism and the Soviet Union; they fanned the ideological flames between capitalism and communism rather than putting them out. Directly after the war the US created the Marshall Plan, where they gave $13 billion to European states. In President Truman’s speech ‘The Truman Doctrine’ he talks about Greece and Turkey and threatens if aid is not given, Greece’s democracy will be under threat by armed men supported by communists. This was a strategic ploy to prevent communism, by allowing capitalism to flourish. Full-employment leaves people happy, and accepting of capitalism and less likely to turn to radical communism. However the Soviet Union was not impressed with this because they believed that capitalism was the root of fascism, and their allied states declined the funding. Both Truman and Churchill claimed that the Soviet Union was totalitarian, and that they cannot be trusted. Churchill in his ‘Iron Curtain’ speech claims that if a Communist, or a neo-Fascist state were able to obtain an atomic bomb, the West would be very concerned. Churchill lumps communism and fascism together, while the Soviet’s see fascism as the enemy. In addition, Truman accuses the Soviet Union, and by extension, Stalin of forcing their oppressive regime onto the people of Eastern Europe and breaking the Yalta agreement in Poland. While there is a lack on consensus among the historgraphy on the start date of the Cold War, there is aShow MoreRelatedCommunism And The Soviet Union1782 Words   |  8 PagesAfter World War II, the Soviet Union wanted to create more communist nations, especially along their western border, to prevent themselves from being vulnerable to attack from the West again as they had been from Nazi Germany. Countries like the United States and Great Britain did not want the Soviet Union to spread communism but some Eastern European countries that had been victims of the Nazi regime saw communism as a good way to prevent another fascist regime from rising. Combined with the factRead MoreCommunism And The Soviet Union Essay1672 Words   |  7 Pageseastern bloc popularly known as the United Socialist Soviet of Russia (USSR) and the western bloc dominated by United States and European countries. Now the Soviet Union supported socialist economic ideology and was prepared to ensure that the soci alist countries remained socialist-by all means. On the other hand, United States and allies were for capitalism and were determined to spread it as far as possible. They detest socialism and communism because it was against building of business empiresRead MoreCommunism And The Soviet Union1853 Words   |  8 PagesOn December 26, 1991, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was officially dissolved. While the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 was a sign that the Cold War was soon to be over, the breakup of the Soviet Union truly symbolised its end. After a bitter era of global fighting between capitalism and communism, each led by the United States and the USSR respectively, it appeared that, for better or for worse, capitalism had prevailed. Today, it looks like this indeed was the case. The People’s RepublicRead MoreCommunism And The Soviet Union1314 Words   |  6 PagesCommunism in Eastern Europe was an ideology that took hold of the region for more than forty years. E ach state fell into the Soviet sphere of influence after the end of World War II, and from then on until 1989, communism was the absolute norm for all of Eastern Europe. Though communism was the only form of government found in the region, each state was unique in how it carried out its policies as some were more lenient than others. As time progressed through the Communist Era, there were changesRead MoreCommunism And The Soviet Union1681 Words   |  7 Pagesaverage case of the hiccups, these hiccups were called communism. Following the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, most post-Soviet satellite states began making the transition to become liberal democracies. However, the transition from communist governments to democratic governments was not necessarily a smooth one for most of the Eastern European countries. Decades of oppressive Soviet rule and deep-rooted communist parties made ties to the Soviet Union especially hard to cut. Ukraine, in particular,Read MoreCommunism And The Soviet Union2261 Words   |  10 Pagestyrannical and bloodthirsty dictator who led the Soviet Union, wanted to spread Communist rule through Eastern Europe, China, and Korea, which the United States opposed. The world split between democratic countries backed by America and Communist countries supported by the Soviet Union, and birthed a conflict called the â€Å"Cold War,† because, as opposed to a â€Å"hot† war, there were no direct military confrontations between the main enemies. Stalin and the Soviet Uni on’s plan of world control caused AmericansRead MoreThe Fall Of Communism And The Soviet Union Essay2058 Words   |  9 PagesPrior to Putin’s 2001 State of the Nation address, Russia was dealing with the overwhelming effects of economic and political reform. The fall of Communism and the Soviet Union left Russia in a fragile state. When Putin references â€Å"the period of disintegration of the Statehood† he is referring to the lack of stability and legitimacy in Russia’s era of reformation in the 1990s that threatened the very existence of the nation. The sources and indicators of this disintegration can be found through anRead MoreCommunism And Marxist Ideologies And The Soviet Union912 Words   |  4 Pages After World War II the Soviet Union led by Stalin maintained a strong presence and influence in Central and Eastern Europe, specifically, Poland through the communist Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR). In this paper I aim to address the reason why communism and Marxist ideologies were unsuccessfully received in post war Poland. I will be arguing *that Marxism was made into a tool of oppression by the Soviet Union, and therefore became illegitimate in itself. I intend on arguing this theory byRead MoreCommunism in the Soviet Union and Why It Failed1561 Words   |  7 PagesCommunism in the Soviet Union and Why it Failed Communism is defined as a system of political and economic organization in which property is owned by the community and all citizens share in the enjoyment of the common wealth, more or less according to their need. In 1917 the rise of power in the Marxist-inspired Bolsheviks in Russia along with the consolidation of power by Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, the word communism came to mean a totalitarian system controlled by a single politicalRead MoreThe Soviet Union Responsible For The Consolidation Of Communism1776 Words   |  8 PagesESSAY PLAN To what extent was the Soviet Union responsible for the consolidation of communism in Eastern Europe in the period 1945-1953? Introduction During the aftermath of World War II, the Soviet Union was primarily responsible for the consolidation of communism in Eastern Europe. †¢ It was in the spring of 1948 that the Soviet Union had aggressively pushed for the imposition of Communist rule in most East European nations o Eastern Europe under Communist rule was comprised of Czechoslovakia

I have been asked to analyse and compare the way Shakespeare has portrayed the reactions of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Essay Example For Students

I have been asked to analyse and compare the way Shakespeare has portrayed the reactions of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Essay I have been asked to analyse and compare the way Shakespeare has portrayed the reactions of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth to the murder of King Duncan. For this I will be using act 2 scene 2 and act 1 scene 5 as well as quotes from other scenes in the play. I will start with analysis, first of Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth has always been cold and calculating in previous scenes. A good example of how Shakespeare portrayed Lady Macbeths character is in act one scene five. Here I have quoted her speech from this scene The raven himself is horse That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ You shall be what you have been promised. Yet Im worried about your nature. You are too tender hearted to take short cuts. You want greatness. You are not without ambition. But you lack the ruthlessness thats needed Come home quickly, so that I can inspire you with my passion. My brave words will overcome the scruples standing between you and the golden circle Here she talks about Duncans entrance into Macbeths castle as being fatal. She then talks about Macbeths wishes to become king but she also talks about his lack of courage to kill Duncan so that he may rise to the throne. She then tells the audience about how she will attempt to talk Macbeth into murdering Duncan. Come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, and fill me from the crown to the toe-top full of direst cruelty! Make thick my blood Here she is starting to ask the spirits to take away her feelings of compassion Unsex me here she is asking for her womanly qualities or weaknesses to be removed. By this she means feelings of remorse, pity, guilt and compassion. This next part is spoken as though said to Macbeth. He thats coming serve the thoughts of mortals: rid me of the natural tenderness of my sex, and fill me from head to toe with direst cruelty! Thicken my blood. Make me remorseless, so that no feelings of conscience can alter my foul plans, nor stand in the way of what must be done. Come to my womans breasts and turn my milk sour, you abettors of murder, wherever you lurk invisible, awaiting evil deeds! Come, dark night, and shroud yourself in the blackest smoke of hell, so that my sharp knife wont see the wound it makes, nor heaven peeping through the blanket of darkness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" cry Stop! Stop! Here she is again asking the spirits to remove her softness Rid me of the natural tenderness of my sex. She repeats the part about shrouding herself in shadows to conceal what she is going to do from heaven. Maybe she is talking about how she will make Macbeth murder Duncan rather than do the deed herself. Another one of Lady Macbeths speeches which depicts the  character Shakespeare intended her to be is from act one, scene seven. I have given suck, and know how tender tis t love the babe that milks me à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" I would while it was smiling in my face Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums. And dashed the brains out. Had I so sworn to you Have done to this. Here she is comparing her womanliness to her husbands manliness. Shakespeare uses quite shocking imagery in Lady Macbeths speech here to further depict her ruthlessness. Now I have shown a couple of examples of the character of Lady Macbeth I will continue onto my analysis of the murder scene. Lady Macbeth is nervous, paranoid as she waits for Macbeth to return after she has sent him to perform the murder. Hark! Peace! It was the owl that shriekd, the fatal bellman, Which gives the sternst good-night. He is about it: Shes jumpy. The sound of the owls hoot scares her. Lady Macbeth is imagining her husband killing Duncan à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" He is about it. She then hears Macbeth shouting something from outside the room. She is then very afraid. Alack! I am afraid they have awakd, And tis not done; the attempt and not the deed Confounds us. Hark! I laid their daggers ready; He could not miss em. Had he not resembled My father as he slept, I had donet. Here she worries about getting caught. We also see a side of Lady Macbeth which has not been shown before. She is vulnerable, nervous and not at all like her former self. She also shows some emotion Had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had donet. She could not have performed the awful deed herself as it would have felt like she was murdering her father. William Shakespeare Argumentative EssayShe is thinking about hell. She is now afraid of damnation, as Macbeth was in act 2, scene 2. Earlier she had asked evil spirits to assist her and now she is terrified of hell. She is remembering mocking Macbeth. Maybe now she feels bad for pushing him into the first murder. The thane of fife had a wife: where is she now? No more o that, my lord, no more o that: you mar with all this starting. She is thinking about McDuffs wife. Macbeth no longer talked with Lady Macbeth about his plans after Duncans murder. She is supposed to be unaware of these murders. She is annoyed at Macbeth for his continued killing and she has realised that she no longer has power over him. Its almost as if shes asking him to stop. Heres the smell of the blood still: all the perfumes Of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. Oh! Oh! Oh! Again she is showing how haunted she is by the blood on her hands. This speech is very similar to Macbeths earlier Multitudinous seas incarnadine speech. Banquos buried; He cannot come out on s grave. This is a reference to the earlier ghost scene when Macbeth saw Banquos ghost at the banquet after he had him killed. Lady Macbeths descent into madness has taken longer than Macbeths and her guilt is expressing itself in a much more subconscious way than Macbeths did. Earlier she talked about a little water clearing them of the guilt but now she is haunted and terrorised by what they did. Lady Macbeth and her husband appear to have switched roles with their expressions of their guilt. While Macbeth appears to feel nothing and continues to murder Lady Macbeth is slowly going mad. Shakespeare tries to evoke feelings of pity in the audience for Lady Macbeth. The words this little hand are an example of this. Macbeth expresses his guilt in a conscious, public way, his continued killings are the main sign he has been driven  mad by guilt. Lady Macbeth on the other hand shows her guilt in a private way. Her sleepwalking is a subconscious expression of her innermost tormented feelings. This is her sign of madness. Lady Macbeths madness has also taken longer to manifest itself. Macbeths guilt was immediate but Lady Macbeth has taken several scenes to show hers. Macbeth spoke about no longer being able to sleep in the murder scene but several scenes later we see it is in fact Lady Macbeths sleep which is disturbed. This could be Shakespeare trying to show us how Lady Macbeth was a lot more open to suggestions that she ever appeared to be before the murder scene, when she was a very cold, hard woman who used a lot of shocking imagery and was really quite a scary person. Act 5 scene 1 is a performance of Lady Macbeths guilt. Until this time she had suppressed her feelings. She even asked the spirits to take away her feelings of compassion so she would feel no guilt. It would appear that this had no effect and she feels terrible and that manifests itself in her sleepwalking and talking. Macbeth was originally paralysed by his guilt and was unable to even wash his hands clean of the blood without Lady Macbeths instructions to do so. Later on Macbeth seems to have taken control to the extent where he is continuing to kill without first talking with Lady Macbeth about it. The blood symbolises the guilt felt by both plotters. Macbeth was earlier scorned by his wife for his guilty feelings. Lady Macbeths fragmented language in act 5 scene 1 makes her harder to understand than she had been in previous appearances. I believe that Shakespeare is using her language to show her mental breakdown. Macbeths guilt was shown then suppressed and the opposite is true for Lady Macbeth. As the play continues Lady Macbeths madness gets to the point where she can no longer live with her guilt and she eventually commits suicide. Macbeth and his allies prepare for battle with McDuff. After Lady Macbeths death a messenger informs Macbeth that Birnam Wood à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Malcolms army is approaching. The battle begins and in the final showdown McDuff kills Macbeth and Malcolm is hailed as the new king. In both the case of Macbeth and the case of Lady Macbeth their guilt eventually killed them but in different ways. While Lady Macbeth was driven mad by her guilt and killed herself, Macbeth went on a killing frenzy from his guilt and was eventually killed by someone who was his friend in the beginning when he went too far. In conclusion, while Macbeth and Lady Macbeth may have shown their reactions to Duncans murder in totally different ways both of them got their comeuppance eventually.

Heart Of Darkness By Conrad Essays (1308 words) - Congo Free State

Heart Of Darkness By Conrad Joseph Conrad writes what seems to be a simple story about a man in search of an ivory hunter. Look deeper into the jungle, the core of Heart Of Darkness , where Conrad hides the meanings and symbolisms that shape this story. Conrad has been accused of being a racist because of the way he portrays the natives in this story. It is a controversy that continues even today. It can be argued that because of the way he depicts the natives, they cannot be an essential part of, Heart of Darkness. However, read between the lines, it is obvious that the story would not be shaped the way it is if the natives were not involved. The natives in a sense create Kurtz. They are his people and his followers: Suddenly round the corner of the house a group of men appeared, as though they had come up from the ground. They waded waist-deep in the grass in a compact body bearing an improvised stretcher in there midst. Instantly in the emptiness of the landscape a cry arose whose shrillness pierced the still airAnd is if by enchantment streams of human beings - of naked human beings - with spears in their hands, with bows, with shields, with wild glances and savage movements, were poured into the clearing by the dark-faced and pensive forest. (). The first time Marlow meets Kurtz is in this scene. It shows Kurtz not only depends on the natives for physical support but also for protection. Conrad's portrayal of the natives as human beings with wild glances and savage movements is ironic because Conrad does not think they have the right to be put on the same level as the white man even though Kurtz could not exist without them. The natives are Kurtzs followers and worship him like a god and yet they are seen as only a part of the jungle that is dark and undiscovered. One scene in Heart of Darkness, which unquestionably shows the lack of respect the natives are given, is when Marlow is at the Company Station on his way to the Congo. He describes the natives as ants which are decomposers. Marlow is describing the natives as creatures that do nothing but break down and destroy the land. When Marlow tries to get away from this scene of natives he steps into a gloomy circle of some InfernoBlack shapes crouched, lay, sat between the trees, leaning against the trunks, clinging to the earth, half coming out, half effaced within the dim light, in all the attitudes of pain, abandonment, and despairThey were dying slowlythey were nothing earthly now, nothing but black shadows of disease and starvation lying confusedly in the greenish gloom, (Conrad, pgs.1968-1969). Marlow characterizes the natives as unearthly creatures that have been abandoned from society. It has been accepted that they do not deserve to live like regular human beings. They must live in abandonment and despair because they are criminals. Marlow depicts them as slowly rising out of the earth as if they were horrid creatures that only come out in the darkness because no one can bear to see them in the daytime. Marlow also describes the natives as bundles of acute angles sat with their legs drawn upone of these creatures rose to his hands and knees and went off on all-fours towards the river to drink. He lapped out of his hand, then sat up in the sun light crossing his shins in front of him, and after a time let his woolly head fall on his breastbone, (Conrad, pg. 1969). This is utter degradation of a human being. At this point, one does not even see the natives as human anymore. They have been described not only as acute angles but also as dogs that lap up their water on all fours. How more degrading can one be to a race of people? The one distinguishable native in Heart of Darkness is the helmsman. Although, he is not important enough to be given a name, he is given a title, which is a step above his comrades. He is an athletic black belonging to some coast tribeHe sported

Italian Past Perfect Tense - Trapassato Prossimo

Italian Past Perfect Tense - Trapassato Prossimo In English, the past perfect tense (trapassato prossimo) is formed with the auxiliary had plus the past participle of the main verb. In Italian, the trapassato prossimo, a compound tense, is formed with the imperfetto of the auxiliary verb avere or essere and the past participle of the acting verb. The students were tired because they had studied until late. He didnt go to the theater because he had already seen the film. The past perfect tense (trapassato prossimo) is used when two actions happened at different times in the past. Here are a few examples of the trapassato prossimo: Gi erano partiti quando sono arrivato. (They had already left when I arrived.)Avevo chiuso le finestre quando à ¨ cominciato a piovere. (I had shut the windows when it started to rain.)La macchina sbandava perchà © aveva piovuto. (The car was sliding because it had rained.) Using Auxiliary Verb Avere The appropriate tense of avere or essere (called the auxiliary or helping verbs) and the past participle of the target verb forms the verb phrase. Avere is used in a myriad of grammatical and linguistic situations. Learning the many conjugations and uses of the verb is crucial to the study of the Italian language. In general, transitive verbs are conjugated with avere. Transitive verbs express an action that carries over from the subject to the direct object: The teacher explains the lesson. The past participle is invariable when the passato prossimo is constructed with avere. Today Anna isnt working because she worked yesterday.  Oggi Anna non lavora perchà ¨ ha lavorato ieri. The others worked yesterday too.  Anche gli altri hanno lavorato ieri. When the past participle of a verb conjugated with avere is preceded by the third person direct object pronouns lo, la, le, or li, the past participle agrees with the preceding direct object pronoun in gender and number. Avere is an irregular verb (un verbo irregolare); it does not follow a predictable pattern of conjugation. Using Auxiliary Verb Essere When using essere, the past participle always agrees in gender and number with the subject of the verb. It can therefore have four endings: -o, -a, -i, -e. In many cases, intransitive verbs (those that cannot take a direct object), especially those expressing motion, are conjugated with the auxiliary verb essere. The verb essere is also conjugated with itself as the auxiliary verb. Some of the most common verbs that form compound tenses with essere include: andare- to goarrivare- to arrivecadere- to fall, to dropcostare- to costcrescere- to growdiventare- to becomedurare- to last, to continueentrare- to entermorire- to dienascere- to be bornpartire- to leave, to departrestare- to stay, to remaintornare- to returnuscire- to exitvenire- to come Conjugating Italian Verbs in the Past Perfect With Avere and Essere PARLARE CREDERE ANDARE USCIRE io avevo parlato avevo creduto ero andato(-a) ero uscito(-a) tu avevi parlato avevi creduto eri andato(-a) eri uscito(-a) lui, lei, Lei aveva parlato aveva creduto era andato(-a) era uscito(-a) noi avevamo parlato avevamo creduto eravamo andati(-e) eravamo usciti(-e) voi avevate parlato avevate creduto eravate andati(-e) eravate usciti(-e) loro, Loro avevano parlato avevano creduto erano andati(-e) erano usciti(-e)

Statutes and Enforcement, Organized Crime Coursework

Statutes and Enforcement, Organized Crime - Coursework Example Use of the RICO standard is what allowed Galante's employees and associates to be charged; under that statute, even belonging to his organization is a crime (Abadinsky, 2010, pp 369). Galante's organization was a group of companies involved in trash hauling, also called carting. He was the owner of twenty-five companies that among them controlled approximately eighty percent of the waste-hauling market in Connecticut and eastern New York state. At least forty other companies were found to have connections to Galante's organizations, and Galante himself was found to have connections to larger organized crime enterprises (FBI, 2008). One of the individuals charged as a member of this group was a member of the Genovese crime family, a group in New York City involved in several other cases of extortion and illegal gambling rings (FBI, 2008; Department of Justice, 2010). Also involved were several public officials, including a former mayor of Waterbury CT, Joseph Santopietro, â€Å"a fed eral drug agent, and a Connecticut state trooper† (FBI, 2008; News-Times, 2008). Galante's group was guilty of racketeering due to their organization of what the FBI calls a â€Å"property rights system† (FBI, 2008). ... This set-up caused an imbalance in the bidding system for the customer contracts, since the companies involved in this organization communicated with each other to rig the bidding. The lack of competition led to higher costs for the customer accounts; since these were primarily municipal customers, this meant higher prices for the individual taxpayers in these districts (FBI, 2008). Federal agents used wiretaps to determine which companies were connected to Galante's organization, and which were victims. Some of the phone calls that were intercepted even allowed them to warn potential future victims about the scheme. The key to the investigation was the use of an undercover agent working for a victim company. The undercover agent was eventually hired by one of Galante's companies as a salesperson, giving him unparalleled access to Galante's operation. The other method used to collect evidence against Galante was an analysis of his and his companies tax records (FBI, 2008). Galante wa s indicted by a grand jury at the same trial as twenty-eight of his co-conspirators, and was held awaiting trial without bail, though all others charged by the same jury posted bond. The charges at this point included â€Å"racketeering, extortion, conspiracy, wire and mail fraud, witness tampering and tax evasion† (News-Times, 2008). Galante was eventually convicted of â€Å"racketeering conspiracy, conspiracy to defraud the IRS, and conspiracy to commit wire fraud† (Koonz, 2009). He was sentenced to the maximum federal prison term, eighty-seven months, and then an additional year under a plea bargain for violations of state campaign finance laws (News-Times, 2008). Additionally, all twenty-five of Galante's companies were forfeited to the federal

Euthanasia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 7

Euthanasia - Essay Example Voluntary euthanasia occurs when the patient requests to be killed while non-voluntary euthanasia occurs when the killed patient did not consent to the killing. Assisted suicide can also be classified as euthanasia when an individual provides information and guides the patient in committing suicide. Euthanasia by action occurs when individual actions like providing lethal injection leads to the patient’s death while Euthanasia by omission occurs when the care giver withholds important care such as provision of food, water and medication thus leading to the death of the patient (Tulloch, 1999 p 34). However, for an act or omission to qualify as euthanasia, the said act or omission should be intended to cause death to the terminally ill patient. The issue of euthanasia has attracted intensive debate with proponents asserting that euthanasia should be legalized since it eliminates patient’s sufferings. The opponents of euthanasia assert that euthanasia is a rejection of the value of human life (Tulloch, 1999 p 35). Proponents of euthanasia assert that allowing people to die with dignity and avoiding the terminal illness is good in eliminating human suffering. The Beneficence argument for euthanasia claims that terminally ill patients should be prevented from dying painfully and slowly by allowing euthanasia (Buse, 2008 p 7). Continued extraordinary care will stress the immediate loved ones since it just prolongs the death of the terminally ill patient. They assert that many terminally illness patients should have the right to choose when to die and avoid the terminal suffering. According to the argument of mercy, allowing the terminally ill patients to continue suffering is inhumane and cruel. The life of terminally ill patients should be ended through lethal injection in order to avoid suffering and pain associated with the extraordinary medication (Buse, 2008 p 8). Proponents also assert

Structure of the Male Reproductive System

Structure of the Male Reproductive System New chapter 35 The Male Reproductive System INTRODUCTION The male reproductive system has three principal functions: The differentiation and maintenance of the primary and secondary sex characteristics under the influence of the hormone testos ­terone, made in the testes. Spermatogenesis—the creation of the male gametes inside the testes. The penile delivery of sperm from the testes into the female’s vagina in the act of procre ­ation. This includes penile erection and ejaculation. SYSTEM STRUCTURE The male reproductive system comprises not only the male genitals, but also the cranial structures that help regulate the performance of the male re ­productive system—namely, the hypothalamus and pituitary. At the hypothalamic and pituitary level, however, male and female anatomy and histology are more or less the same. For more details on the hy ­pothalamic and pituitary structures involved in hu ­man reproduction, see Chapter 36. In the section that follows, we will focus on the anatomy and histology of the testes, the penis, and the ductal connections between the testes and penis. The Testes The male gonads, or testes, are suspended from the perineum in an external contractile sac called the scrotum (Figure 37.1A). Each testis is about 4 cm long, and the testes are perfused by the spermatic arteries. The spermatic arteries are closely apposed with the spermatic venous plexus, and this close contact al ­lows countercurrent heat exchange between artery and vein, cooling the blood that flows to the testes. Countercurrent heat exchange helps keep the testic ­ular temperature cool enough for optimal spermato ­genesis (1 °C to 2 °C cooler than body temperature). The external location of the testes in the scrotum serves as a second important cooling mechanism. Because the testes develop within the abdomen, they descend into the scrotum during fetal life, reaching the deep inguinal rings around week 28 of gestation and inhab ­iting the scrotum by birth. In some instances (3% of the time in full-term male infants), the testes do not descend—a condition called c ryptorchidism. Cryp ­torchidism must be corrected if the male is to have properly functioning, fertile gonads. The testes are composed of coiled seminiferous tubules embedded in connective tissue (see Figure 37.1B). The connective tissue, which makes up about 20% of the testicular mass, contains Leydig cells, which make testosterone. The seminiferous tubules, constituting 80% of the testicular mass, generate the sperm. The tubules contain two main cell types: spermatogonia and Sertoli cells. Sper ­matogonia are the germ cells that undergo meiosis to give rise to spermatids, the immediate precursors to spermatozoa. The copious cytoplasm of the Sertoli cells completely envelops and protects the spermatids, sealing them off from any contact with the tubules’ outer basement membrane or blood supply. This Sertoli sheath hence forms a blood-testis barrier to protect the male gametes from any harmful bloodborne agents, and to prevent the immune system from attacking the unique sperm-specific proteins as though they were foreign anti ­gens. By virtue of their position between the blood and the spermatids, the Sertoli cells also transport nutrients, oxygen, and hormones, such as testos ­terone, to the spermatids. Figure 37.1 Anatomy of the male reproductive system. A. Overview. B. A closer look at the testis. C. The ducts of the reproductive system shown in isolation. The ducts arising from both testes are depicted, converging on the posterior urethra inside the prostate gland. The spermatogonia sit outside the blood-testis barrier near the basement membrane. Here, they continuously conduct mitosis. The products of mitosis are pushed toward the tubule lumen and undergo meiosis and differentiation into sperm cells. The Sertoli barrier is fluid and accommodates the passage of cells developing into spermatids. The testes make around 120 million sperm a day. As they differentiate, the sperm migrate into the tubule lu ­men for transport distally to the rete testis, a plexus of ducts that collects sperm from each of roughly 900 seminiferous tubules. The rete testis empties into the epididymis, a single coiled tubule running from the top of the testis down its posterior aspect. In the epididymis, sperm are stored and undergo maturation before continuing their voyage outside the testis. The Ducts and Penis Each epididymis leads to a long, straight tube called the vas deferens (see Figure 37.1C). The vas deferens from the epididymis of each testis rises in the scrotum, ranges laterally through the inguinal canals, runs along the pelvic wall toward the poste ­rior, and descends along the posterior aspect of the bladder. Here the two vas deferens tubes widen into ampullae, which are attached to glands called the seminal vesicles. (There are two seminal vesicles, one for each vas deferens.) The seminal vesicles se ­crete more than half the volume of the semen. The two ampullae each send an ejaculatory duct through the prostate gland, and the ejaculatory ducts join the urethra inside the tissue of the prostate gland. From this point onward, the male urethra serves as part of both the reproductive and urinary tracts, unlike female anatomy, in which the reproductive and urinary tracts are completely separate. Male physiol ­ogy ensures that micturition and ejaculation do not occur simult aneously. The urethra next passes through the muscle tissue of the urogenital diaphragm, a consciously controllable sphincter. Sitting just under the urogen ­ital diaphragm are the bulbourethral glands (also called Cowper’s glands), which lubricate the urethra with mucus. Finally, the urethra enters the penis. The cylindrical penis houses the urethra in erectile tissue, which helps effect the transition between the excretory and reproductive functions of the urethra (Figure 37.2). This erectile tissue contains cavernous sinuses that fill with blood under circumstances of increased penile blood flow, leading to erection of the penis. When erect, the penis may be inserted into the vagina so that sperm may be delivered to the fallop ­ian tubes. Figure 37.2 Cross-section of the penis. The erectile tissue is present in three cylinders inside the penis, each called a corpus cavernosum and together called the corpora cavernosa. Two of the corpora lie dorsally and are sheathed by the ischio ­cavernosus muscles. One lies ventrally and is sheathed by the bulbospongiosus muscle. The ventral corpus cavernosum is also called the corpus spongiosum, and it is special in that it contains the urethra and forms the glans penis, the spongy head of the penis. The corpora are each supplied by a cavernous artery that gives out helicine arteries. The penis averages 8.8 cm (3.5 in) in length when flaccid and 12.9 cm (5.1 in) when erect, indicating no correlation between flaccid and erect size. SYSTEM FUNCTION Just as the female reproductive system is coor ­dinated by the hypothalamus and pituitary, the activities of the male reproductive system are coor ­dinated by the HPG axis, in this case the hypothala ­mic-pituitary-testicular (HPT) axis (Figure 37.3). (The gonadal HPT axis is not to be confused with the hy ­pothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, also labeled HPT.) The male axis shares with the female the exact same hypothalamic hormone, gonadotropin- releasing hormone (GnRH), and the same pituitary go ­nadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). (The gonadotropins are named for their female reproductive functions, but they act in the male nonetheless.) The same array of gonadal steroid hormones that is produced by the ovary is also synthesized by the male reproductive system, but in different proportions. Because of differential expression of enzymes in the steroid synthesis pathway, the female gonad makes predom ­inantly progesterone and est rogen, while the male gonad predominantly makes the androgen steroid hormone testosterone. Testosterone inhibits the secretion of GnRH, LH, and FSH in a classic negative-feedback loop. Figure 37.3 Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis. Plus signs represent stimulation; minus signs represent inhibition. The HPT Axis GnRH is the initial driver of testicular function. It is secreted in a pulsatile fashion (one pulse every 1 to 3 hours) and distributes to the pituitary gonadotrophs through the hypothalamic-pituitary portal circula- tion. There, the releasing hormone stimulates the LH- and FSH-secreting cells. Each GnRH pulse directly prompts an LH pulse from the gonadotrophs. More frequent or larger-amplitude GnRH pulses result in more frequent or larger-amplitude LH pulses. GnRH also increases FSH release, but the correlation between GnRH and FSH release is not as exact. LH acts on the Leydig cells. The LH signal is transduced by a seven- transmembrane receptor linked through a G protein to adenylyl cyclase, which produces cAMP. LH-dependent elevations in cAMP promote testosterone synthesis from cholesterol and promote the growth of Leydig cells. Testosterone synthesis is increased by the activation and increased expression of key proteins involved in steroidogenesis, such as the steroidogenic acute regu ­latory protein (StAR). StAR shuttles cholesterol into steroid-manufacturing cells. The Leydig cells of the testis are unique in their ability to make testosterone in large amounts (Figure 37.4). While the zona reticulata cells of the adrenal gland also make androgens, the adrenal pathway stops at androstenedione, the im ­mediate precursor to testosterone. (Some peripheral tissues can make testosterone from androstenedione in small amounts.) FSH, meanwhile, binds to receptors on the Sertoli cells, activating the production of proteins involved in spermatogenesis. FSH also stimulates glucose metabolism, thereby providing energy to the sperm precursors. (Spermatogenesis will be discussed in more detail below.) Finally, FSH upregu ­lates the expression of the androgen receptor in Sertoli cells, thereby potentiating the influence of testosterone upon spermatogenesis. Like all steroids, testosterone binds an intracel ­lular receptor, which binds DNA transcription factors and influences gene expression. The distribution of testosterone receptors in the body tissues deter ­mines the targets of testosterone action. In addition, target tissues express an enzyme that converts testos ­terone to its more active form, dihydrotestosterone (DHT). This enzyme is 5à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡-reductase. DHT binds more avidly to the androgen receptor than does testos ­terone itself. Testosterone from the Leydig cells passes through the Sertoli cells and into the seminif ­erous tubules, where, alongside FSH, it promotes spermatogenesis. The Sertoli cells make androgen-binding protein (ABP), which helps them to retain testosterone. Testosterone also acts systemically, promoting growth and sustaining gene expression in many peripheral tissues. Testosterone is transported in the blood by sex hormone-binding protein (SHBP), also called sex hormone-binding globulin, a liv er-produced carrier protein that is structurally similar to ABP. It is thought that testosterone and SHBP itself may act at cell membrane receptors, in addition to testosterone’s genomic effects. This is parallel to the genomic and nongenomic modes of signal transduc ­tion employed by thyroid hormone. Finally, testosterone inhibits GnRH and go ­nadotropin secretion. Thus, testosterone limits its own production and action. Inhibin from the Sertoli cells also inhibits the pituitary and hypothalamus. Inhibin is a TGF-à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ glycoprotein hormone. Investiga ­tions suggest that additional feedback mechanisms link Sertoli cell behavior with Leydig cell behavior. Table 37.1 summarizes the actions of testosterone. Table 37.1 Testosterone Actions The Expression of Male Sex Characteristics The male reproductive system begins to function during embryonic life. As soon as the testes form and are capable of secreting testosterone, the androgen begins to act on the body tissues. At this stage, the hormone differentiates the fetus into a male with the appropriate primary sex characteristics—the male genitals. At puberty, testosterone causes sustained expression of the secondary sex characteristics, which are gender-based phenotypes other than the genitals, such as hair growth, muscle development, and a low voice. Fetal Life and Infancy (Primary Sex Characteristics) While the testes do act in utero, they cannot act before they have formed, and they do not form right away. In fact, before 6 weeks of gestation, the gonads of geno ­typically male or female embryos have not begun to differentiate into either ovaries or testes. The so-called â€Å"indifferent gonad† has an inner medullary (male) and an outer cortical (female) layer. In addition, the anatomic precursors of both males (the Wolffian ducts) and females (the Mà ¼llerian ducts) are present. Only at 6 to 8 weeks of gestation is male sexual devel ­opment initiated by the SRY gene, a gene on the short arm of the Y chromosome. SRY encodes a zinc finger DNA-binding protein called testis determining factor (TDF). Under the influence of TDF, the medullae of the indifferent gonads develop while the cortices regress. The previously indifferent gonads differentiate into testes: embryonic germ cells form spermatogonia, coelomic epitheli al cells form Sertoli cells (6 to 7 weeks of gestation), and mesenchymal stromal cells form Leydig cells (8 to 9 weeks of gestation). Now the testes can begin to act. The Sertoli cells secrete a Mà ¼llerian-inhibiting factor (MIF), which causes regression of the Mà ¼llerian ducts. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)—which is structurally related to LH—stimulates the Leydig cells to prolifer ­ate and secrete testosterone. The testosterone is reduced to DHT in target tissues by 5à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡-reductase. As long as target tissues contain the androgen receptor and 5à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡-reductase, DHT induces those tissues to form the primary male sex characteristics, the male repro ­ductive organs. Under the influence of DHT, the Wolffian ducts differentiate into the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles. The genital tubercle transforms into the glans penis, the urethral folds grow into the penile shaft, and the urogenital sinus becomes the prostate gland. Finally, DHT causes the genital swellings to fuse, forming the scrotum. At its peak, the fetal testosterone level reaches 400 ng/dL, but by birth it falls below 50 ng/dL. There is a brief spike in the male infant’s testosterone level between 4 and 8 weeks after birth, but its function is not well understood. Otherwise, the testosterone level remains low throughout childhood, until puberty. Puberty and Beyond (Secondary Sex Characteristics) Puberty is the process by which males and females achieve reproductive capacity, and it begins in both sexes with an increase in hypothalamic GnRH secre ­tion. It is possible that this increase is in response to decreasing hypothalamic sensitivity to testos ­terone’s negative-feedback effects. As the child ap ­proaches adolescence, the hypothalamus gradually escapes inhibition and GnRH secretion rises. LH and FSH secretion in turn rise, and testosterone secretion from the testes increases. Gradual maturation of hypothalamic neurons probably plays a role in this pubertal change in GnRH secretion. Increased testicular production of testosterone and other androgens at puberty has a host of effects. The earliest one is enlargement of the penis and testes. From the beginning to the end of puberty, the testicular volume more than quadruples. Spermato ­genesis commences (with testosterone effects per ­haps being most important on the spermatids), and the prostate gland is stimulated to grow. Growth oc ­curs in many tissues outside the reproductive system as well. Androgens are anabolic steroids; they promote the storage of energy in complex molecules. While an ­drogens promote protein synthesis, an anabolic hor ­mone like insulin has a greater effect on the formation of complex carbohydrates and fats. Increased protein synthesis is associated with the growth of skeletal muscle, bones, skin, and hair (pubic, axillary, facial, chest, arms, and legs) and the growth of the larynx (which deepens the voice and causes the thyroid car ­tilage, or Adam’s apple, to protrude). Men on average have around 50% more muscle mass than women; they have stronger, denser bone matrices and thicker skin. Muscle does not contain 5à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡-reductase, so it ap ­pears that testosterone, not DHT, promotes muscular protein anabolism. However, testosterone or DHT may promote muscular anabolism via extramuscular effects, such as the stimulation of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) production. Collectively, the development of the secondary sex characteristics is called virilization (after the Latin vir for man). It appears that while testosterone promotes all of these effects—genital growth and spermatogenesis, hair growth, behavioral changes, and anabolism in peripheral tissues—certain andro ­gen precursors, metabolic byproducts, and pharma ­ceutical androgen analogs preferentially serve peripheral anabolism. Many of these metabolites and drugs are abused by bodybuilders and athletes. (See Clinical Application Box The Use and Abuse of An ­abolic Steroids.) Testosterone, combined with a genetic predis ­position, also influences hair growth on the head. Male-pattern baldness typically begins with a de ­crease in hair growth on the top of the head and progresses to a complete lack of hair growth extend ­ing from the top of the head down. Both factors, the androgens and the genes, are necessary for baldness to occur; a man without the genetic predisposition will not become bald regardless of his testosterone level. A woman with the genetic predisposition will usually not become bald unless she suffers from excess androgen production. Similarly, a castrated male with low testosterone levels will not become bald even if he has a genetic predisposition. Once testosterone levels rise during puberty, they reach a plateau and remain elevated until a man reaches his seventies, when they begin to decline. This event, called the male climacteric, may create some symptoms resembling those of female menopause. However, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is not commonly used to treat these symp ­toms. One reason is that men in this age group are at increased risk for prostate cancer. Because testos ­terone has proliferative effects on the prostate, HRT might further increase the risk of prostate cancer. While testosterone does promote spermatogenesis, this testicular function is remarkably well preserved in men even after the climacteric. The Haploid Life Cycle in the Male As mentioned above, spermatogenesis begins with puberty and continues into the eighth decade of life. Spermatogenesis has three phases: sperma ­tocytogenesis, during which the primordial sper ­matogonia divide by mitosis and differentiate into spermatocytes; meiosis, resulting in four haploid gametes called spermatids, each with a quarter of the cytoplasm of the original spermatogonium (see Chapter 36); and spermiogenesis, during which the spermatids are nourished and physically reshaped by the surrounding Sertoli cells. The product of spermiogenesis is spermatozoa, or sperm (Figure 37.5). After spermiogenesis, the epididymis and repro ­ductive tract glands help prepare the sperm for fertilization. Spermatocytogenesis and Meiosis The evolving group of cells spanning from spermatogonia to sper ­matozoa is sometimes called the spermatogenic series. Not all spermatogonia enter into the sper ­matogenic series. If they did, they would be con ­sumed—as happens to the oogonia in the ovary, eventually leading to menopause. Instead, the testis csontinually replenishes its own supply of spermato ­gonia. As they undergo mitosis, some of the new ones are committed to the spermatogenic series, while some remain undifferentiated. The undifferen- tiated stem cells are called type A spermatogonia, and the differentiated spermatogonia committed to becom ­ing spermatocytes are called type B spermatogonia. Once this allocation of mitotic products into one group or another occurs, spermatocytogenesis con ­tinues as follows. Type A spermatogonia remain on the outside of the blood-testis barrier, while type B spermatogonia cross it, becoming enveloped by the cytoplasmic processes of the Sertoli cells. These type B spermatogonia differentiate further and enlarge to become primary spermatocytes. The primary sperma ­tocytes then enter meiosis, a process that takes around 3.5 weeks to complete, almost all of which is spent in prophase (when the newly replicated chro ­mosomes condense). Each primary spermatocyte di ­vides into two secondary spermatocytes, which in turn divide again into a total of four haploid spermatids. Each spermatid contains either an X chromosome or a Y chromosome. The male’s gamete thus decides the sex of his offspring. Spermiogenesis Spermiogenesis begins once the spermatids are created and delivered into the em ­brace of the amoeboid Sertoli cells (Figure 37.6). The spermatid elongates and reorganizes its nuclear and cytoplasmic contents into a spermatozoon with a dis ­tinct head and tail. The head consists of a condensed nucleus surrounded by a thin layer of cytoplasm. The rest of the retained cytoplasm and cell membrane is shifted toward the opposite end of the sperm, the tail. A large amount of the spermatid’s cytoplasm is shed into the surrounding Sertoli cell during spermiogene ­sis. As the transformed sperm is extruded into the seminiferous tubule lumen, the discarded cytoplasm remains embedded in the cytoplasm of the Sertoli cell, where it is ultimately phagocytized. Figure 37.6 Spermiogenesis The structure of sperm cells enables them to swim up the female reproductive tract and fertilize oocytes. The tail of a sperm contains a flagellum for motility. Originating from one of the centrioles of the sperm cells, the flagellum consists of a central skele ­ton of microtubules called the axoneme. The axoneme is arranged in the ancient 9 + 2 pattern characteristic of eukaryotic cilia and flagella across all kingdoms and phyla of life: 9 pairs of microtubules surrounding 2 central tubules, linked via a complex array of protein bridges. The sperm cell’s mitochondria aggregate along the proximal end of the flagellum and supply energy for movement to the flagellum. The flagellum enables the sperm to swim. The anterior two thirds of the head of the sperm cell is surrounded by a thick capsule known as the acrosome, formed from the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus contains numerous hydrolytic and proteolytic enzymes, similar to those found in lysosomes, and ultimately facilitates the sperm’s penetration of the egg for fertilization. There is also evidence to suggest a role for the acrosomal enzymes in penetrating the mucus of the female cervix. Epididymal Sperm Maturation and Storage After spermiogenesis is complete, the sperm pass out of the testis (through the rete testis) and into the epi ­didymis, where growth and differentiation continue. After the first 24 hours in the epididymis, the sperm acquire the potential for motility. However, the epithelial cells of the epididymis secrete inhibitory proteins that suppress this potential. Thus, the 120 million sperm produced each day in the seminiferous tubules are stored in the epididymis, as well as in the vas deferens and ampulla. The sperm can remain in these excretory genital ducts in a deeply suppressed and inactive state for over a month without losing their potential fertility. The epididymis also secretes a special nutrient fluid that is ultimately ejaculated with the sperm and is thought to mature the sperm. This fluid contains hormones, enzymes (such as glycosyltransferases and glycosidases), and nutrients that are essential to achieving fertilization. The precise function of many of these factors is not known, but enzymes like gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase are thought to serve as antioxidants defending against mutations in the sperm. Potentiation in the Ejaculate The accessory genital glands—the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands—also contribute to potentia ­tion. During ejaculation, their secretions dilute the epididymal inhibitory proteins, allowing the sperm’s motile potential to be realized. In addition, the glands make individual contributions to sperm preparation and support. The seminal vesicles secrete semen, a mucoid yellowish material containing nutrients and sperm-activating substances such as fructose, cit ­rate, inositol, prostaglandins, and fibrinogen. Carbo ­hydrates such as fructose provide a source of energy for the sperm mitochondria as they power the sperm’s flagellar movements. The prostaglandins are believed to aid the sperm by affecting the female gen ­ital tract—making the cervical mucus more receptive to the sperm, and dampening the peristaltic contrac ­tions of the uterus and fallopian tubes to prevent them from expellin g the sperm. The prostate gland secretes a thin, milky, and al ­kaline fluid during ejaculation that mixes with the contents of the vas deferens. The prostatic secretion contains calcium, zinc, and phosphate ions, citrate, acid phosphatase, and various clotting enzymes. The clotting enzymes react with the fibrinogen of the seminal fluid, forming a weak coagulum that glues the semen inside the vagina and facilitates the passage of sperm through the cervix in larger numbers. The al ­kalinity imparted to semen by the prostate counter ­acts vaginal acidity, which is a natural defense against microbial pathogens and which can kill sperm or impair sperm motility. By titrating the acid ­ity, the prostate ensures that the sperm can elude this antimicrobial defense. Capacitation in the Female Reproductive Tract Ejaculated sperm is not immediately capable of fertilizing the female oocyte. In the first few hours after ejaculation, the spermatozoa must undergo capacitation inside the female reproductive tract. This is the final step in preparation for fertilization. First, the fluids of the female reproductive tract wash away more of the inhibitory factors of the male geni ­tal fluid. The flagella of the sperm hence act more readily, producing the whiplash motion that is needed for the sperm to swim to the oocyte in the fallopian tube. Second, the cell membrane of the head of the sperm is modified in preparation for the ultimate acrosomal reaction and penetration of the oocyte. Capacitation is an incompletely understood phenomenon. Fertilization Once capacitated, the spermatozoa travel to the oocyte. There is an enormous rate of at ­trition among the hundreds of millions of ejaculated sperm, and at most a few hundred reach the oocyte. However, the female reproductive tract is simultane ­ously increasing receptivity to the male gametes (see Chapter 36). When the few hundred sperm reach the egg, they begin to try to penetrate the granulosa cells surrounding the secondary oocyte. The sperm’s acrosome contains hyaluronidase and proteolytic enzymes, which open this path. As the anterior mem ­brane of the acrosome reaches the zona pellucida (the glycoprotein coat surrounding the oocyte), it rapidly dissolves and releases the acrosomal enzymes. Within minutes, these enzymes open a pathway through the zona pellucida for the sperm cytoplasm to merge with the oocyte cytoplasm. From beginning to end, the process of fertilization takes about half an hour. Figure 37.7 Sexual response and changes in the penis. Penile Erection and Ejaculation The practice of internal fertilization, in which the male deposits gametes directly into the reproductive tract of the female, is at least 300 million years old. Early cartilaginous fishes probably were its innova ­tors. These elasmobranchs retained their concepti internally until the eggs could be waterproofed and thus protected from the osmotic stress of seawater. Eventually, almost all the higher vertebrates would practice internal fertilization for the sake of defending the next generation. For this reason, the male vertebrate possesses a special apparatus for penetrating the body of the female and delivering semen to an internal location. There are two physiologic events crucial to this in ­ternal delivery of semen: penile erection, which makes it possible for the penis to penetrate the vagina, bringing the urethral opening, or meatus, into close contact with the female cervix; and ejaculation, in which the semen is secreted into the male repro ­ductive ductal system, mixed with sperm, and then mechanically squirted out of the penis. Both of these events are initiated and controlled by the nervous system in connection with the subjective state of sexual arousal. Sexual Response in the Male William H. Masters and Virginia E. Johnson in 1966 described four phases of sexual response

What is the Origin of Mankind? :: essays research papers fc

What is the Origin of mankind?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mankind’s origin is from God through creation. The Bible tells us in Genesis chapter 1 verse 27; So God created man in His own image, in the image of God created He him: male and female created He them. The Bible also says in Genesis chapter 2 verse 7, And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Truth about creation is found only in the Bible (Ryrie 206). The first verse of the Bible Genesis 1:1, In the beginning God created the Heavens and the Earth, is an absolute statement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mankind’s origin was not a result a ridiculous theory that a big bang occurred, causing life to begin. Neither was mankind a single cell organism floating around in the ocean. Mankind was not formed by a mutation of organisms in the sea. Man’s origin did not come from another life source from another planet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mankind’s origin was premeditated from God, formed from the dust of the earth, and made in His image and likeness. God confers with Himself and rouses Himself to make man in His own image and likeness (Bavinck 1). Because man is made in God’s image and likeness, he is set apart from any other creature or angel ever created. Man has a relationship with God that no other creature will ever have.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mankind is given authority over all the creatures of the earth. Mankind is also given authority over himself to make his own choices. Man is to populate the earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We should understand that Jesus was our creator first, then our savior. Mankind is nothing without our creator and savior. For mankind to grasp the realization of his origin, he must have faith that his life begins with God and ends with the decisions that he makes on this side of eternity. Mankind should not take the task of having dominion over every living creature lightly; this job is an honor and should be treated as one.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mankind should live according to his origin. Mankind should follow God’s commandments by reaching and educating all men on earth, telling them of their origin, and showing proof of God’s will in their lives. They should also be told that their decisions should be made on this side of eternity.

Euthymol Toothpaste

Abstract: In this marketing report, I will analyse our product which call Euthymol toothpaste. Firstly, I am going to describe the background of Johnson and Johnson, Euthymol toothpaste is distributed by this company. After that, I will talk about how we did the survey about this product. Then I am going to focus on the product and analyse it by using secondary research and survey results, it includes product, price, place and promotion. Finally, I will give some suggestions to this product. Introduction: Euthymol toothpaste was marked by Warner-Lambert, but now it is distributed by Johnson and Johnson. J&J is an American public company.It was founded in 1886, there are three founders, they are Rober Wood Johnson, James Wood Johnson and Edward Mead Johnson. The initiative of this company is to encourage people to live healthy and helping the people who care about health, and it has widest health care product in the world. Euthymol toothpaste is an old brand toothpaste, it has strong taste and bright pink color. Most of the consumers are the older people and people who are in the army. On the other hand, there are many people do not like this toothpaste because its taste too strong or other reasons such as the color and the packaging of this toothpaste. Methodology:In my group, there were three people, Aliyu, Yuko and me. We did the survey of Euthymol toothpaste at Middlesex University, Hendon central and Cricklewood lane on 24 November. We have asked 30 people for answering the questionnaire, but 27 people answered it. There are 16 male respondents and 11female respondents. They came from 7 different countries, such as the UK, Japan, China, Canada and so on. Results and Analysis of Marketing Mix: We have done a survey of Euthymol toothpaste and some research on the internet. Now I am going to analyse Euthymol toothpaste by using the results and information of our secondary research from the internet.It includes product, price, place and promotion. Product: Euth ymol toothpaste is an old brand toothpaste, it was marked by Warner-Lambert, and now it is distributed by J&J. Nowadays, it is not a well know brand of toothpaste. From the results, there are 16 (59%) respondents have never used this toothpaste before, so we decided it is at the point of decline in the product life circle. Euthymol toothpaste has different taste and color between other brands of toothpaste. Most of the toothpastes taste like mints and the color is white.Euthymol toothpaste is one of the strongest tastes of toothpaste and there are no mints in it. Its color is bright pink, it makes this toothpaste special. As results of the survey, we can see that most of the respondents (48%) like the taste and color of this toothpaste, and some respondents do not care about them. Euthymol toothpaste has an old-fashion and elegant packaging, because this packaging, it stands out from others toothpaste. We found that from the results, there are 16 (59%)respondents do not like the pac kaging of this toothpaste and 11 (41%) like the packaging. Euthymol toothpaste has some competitor.As results of the survey, we can see that, Colgate toothpaste and Aquafresh toothpaste are the main competitors, especially Colgate. In the results, there are 12 respondents chosen Colgate toothpaste as their favorite toothpaste. It is about 44% of total respondents. Price: 75 ml of Euthymol toothpaste costs about 2 pounds in pharmacy, supermarket and local store, because it sole in different place, so the prices are slightly different. From the survey results, most of the respondents think this price is average. And there 7 respondents think it is cheap and 8 respondents think it is expensive.As this result, we can see most of the respondents would not consider the price when they buy this toothpaste, because it is cheap. For these reasons, we can found out that Euthymol toothpaste is an economy product. Place: Euthymol toothpaste only sold in the UK, it is not a famous brand of tooth paste. It sold in some of the supermarkets, local stores and pharmacy. There are 72% of the respondents usually buy this toothpaste in Pharmacy. It seems not easy to find it in the supermarkets and local stores. Promotion: Euthymol toothpaste has not much promotion such as advertising, sales promotion and direct mail.From the survey results, we can see that advertising is the main promotion of this toothpaste, because there are 13 (50%) respondents know this toothpaste from advertising. And there are 8 (30%) respondents selected other, it means there are quit a lot of people know this toothpaste in other ways. For example, some people started to know this toothpaste from friends’ recommendation. Conclusion: In conclusion, Most of people are satisfied with the taste and the color of this toothpaste, but there 59% of the respondents are not happy with the packaging of this toothpaste.If the company of Euthymal toothpaste wants to share more market, it has to solve packaging pro blem. In my opinion, the best solution is to invent other Euthymol toothpaste, it has different packaging and effects between the original one, so it can keep the old customers and attract new customers. The company did a good pricing of this toothpaste, because there are 10 people think this price of this toothpaste is average, even there are 8 people think it is cheap. The place and the promotion are the weaknesses of this toothpaste. Most of people think it is hard to find it in supermarket and local store. 2% of the respondents usually buy it in Pharmacy. I suggest that, this toothpaste should be sold in every supermarket, because people like shopping in supermarket. It could be the way to increase sales of this toothpaste. The other problem is the promotion, many people did not know what Euthymol toothpaste it is, Because they cannot see any promotion of this toothpaste now, such as advertising and billboard. The company should do more promotion on this toothpaste such as buy o ne get one free and advertising on TV and so on. It is the best way to let people getting to know Euthymol toothpaste and makes it popular.

List of Sampling Types in Statistics

There are two branches in statistics, descriptive and inferential statistics. Of these two main branches, statistical sampling concerns itself primarily with inferential statistics. The basic idea behind this type of statistics is to start with a statistical sample. After we have this sample, we then try to say something about the population.  We very quickly realize the importance of our sampling method. There are a variety of different types of samples in statistics. Each of these samples is named based upon how its members are obtained from the population. It is important to be able to distinguish between these different types of samples.  Below is a list with a brief description of some of the most common statistical samples. List of Sample Types Random sample – Here every member of the population is equally likely to be a member of the sample.  Members are chosen via a random process.Simple random sample – This type of sample is easy to confuse with a random sample as the differences between them are quite subtle. In this type of sample individuals are randomly obtained, and so every individual is equally likely to be chosen.  It is also necessary that every group of n individuals is equally likely of being chosen.Voluntary response sample – Here subjects from the population determine whether they will be members of the sample or not.  This type of sample is not reliable to do meaningful statistical work.Convenience sample - This type of sample is characterized by the selection of easy to obtain members from the population.  Again, this is typically not a worthwhile style for a sampling technique.Systematic sample - A systematic sample is chosen on the basis of an ordered system.Cluster sample â €“ A cluster sample involves using a simple random sample of evident groups that the population contains.Stratified sample - A stratified sample results when a population is split into at least two non-overlapping sub-populations. It is important to know the distinctions between the different types of samples. For example, a simple random sample and a systematic random sample can be quite different from one another. Some of these samples are more useful than others in statistics. A convenience sample and voluntary response sample can be easy to perform, but these types of samples are not randomized to reduce or eliminate bias.  Typically these types of samples are popular on websites for opinion polls. It is also good to have a working knowledge of all of these kinds of samples. Some situations call for something other than a simple random sample. We must be prepared to recognize these situations and to know what is available to use. Resampling It is also good to know when we are resampling.  This means that we are sampling with replacement, and the same individual can contribute more than once in our sample.  Some advanced techniques, such as bootstrapping, requires that resampling be performed.